Examples of electron density

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Figures from Bernhard Rupp's book "Biomolecular Crystallography" (with permission by the author)

There is more material (all figures, citations, tutorials) at the book's overview page.

You can see the full-size, high-resolution figure by clicking on it.

Cis-peptide bond and its electron density


Covalently modified residues


Covalent binding of ligands


Additives mediating intermolecular contacts

Heavy-atom derivatization of a protein


The trimeric bacterial outer membrane protein OprP

Chemically modified lysine residue (Dimethyllysine)


Glycosylated residues stabilizing homodimer


Uranium-atom solution and Fourier truncation ripples


Solvent molecules (water, MPD, Mg2+)

(Pete Dunten had noticed that PDB code 2nls should be 1nls; this is now in the book's errata; the above legend has the correction.)


Split side-chain conformations


Se-Met residues and chloride ion