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Jessica.2.zipf at 09:54, 12 January 2023

2023-01-12T09:54:22Z

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	=== [[M-structure]] ===		=== [[M-structure]] ===
	*[[CHECK feature]]

	*[[~~Complex Predicates~~]]		=== [[CHECK feature]] ===

	*[[~~Discourse Functions~~]]		=== [[Complex Predicates]] ===

	*[[~~Modality~~]]		=== [[Discourse Functions]] ===

	*[[~~Negation~~]]		=== [[Modality]] ===

	*[[~~Tense Aspect Mood~~]]		=== [[Negation]] ===

	*[[~~Nouns~~]]		=== [[Tense Aspect Mood]] ===

	*[[~~Testsuites~~]]		=== [[Nouns]] ===

	*[[~~Questions~~]]		=== [[Testsuites]] ===

	*[[~~Predicatives~~]]		=== [[Questions]] ===

	*[[Non Latin Scripts]]		=== [[Predicatives]] ===

			=== [[Non Latin Scripts]] ===

	==Links to ParGram Groups==		==Links to ParGram Groups==

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:53, 12 January 2023

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	Here are some discussions and information about ParGram topics (in alphabetical order).		Here are some discussions and information about ParGram topics (in alphabetical order).

	*[[Auxiliaries]]		=== [[Auxiliaries]] ===
	*[[M-structure]]

			=== [[M-structure]] ===
	*[[CHECK feature]]		*[[CHECK feature]]

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:52, 12 January 2023

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	*INESS treebanking infrastructure: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page<br />		*INESS treebanking infrastructure: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page<br />

	~~==Non Latin Scripts==~~
	XLE supports all types of scripts. The relevant parts of the XLE documentation are the sections on Emacs and non-ASCII character sets (http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/xle/doc/xle.html#SEC3) and Character Encodings (http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/xle/doc/xle.html#SEC23).

	~~Here is an example of how the Georgian grammar is set up.~~

	~~In the Configuration file of the grammar, the following line should be added:~~
	~~CHARACTERENCODING utf-8.~~
	~~This tells XLE to expect utf-8.~~

	~~If you are using emacs to write your grammars, you can add the following line to the very top of the main grammar file (e.g., georgian.lfg):~~
	~~";;; -- Encoding: utf-8 --"~~
	~~This tells emacs that the file is in utf-8.~~

	~~However, emacs tends to be tricky about utf-8, so you might also want to create a .emacs file and put the following information in it:~~
	~~(set-language-environment "UTF-8")~~
	~~(setq process-coding-system-alist '(("xle" utf-8 . utf-8)~~
	~~("shell" utf-8 . utf-8)~~
	~~("slime" utf-8 . utf-8)))~~

	~~(setq default-process-coding-system '(utf-8 . utf-8))~~
	~~If you already have a .emacs file, then simply add this information.~~

	Another option is to not use emacs and write your test suite and grammar in a more utf-8 friendly editor. In this case, you can access your test sentences via the "parse-testfile" command. To get more information on this command, while in XLE type:
	~~% help parse-testfile~~
	~~The version we want takes the name of a testsuite as a parameter and the number of the sentence you want to parse. For example:~~
	~~% parse-testfile your-testsuite.lfg 3~~

	<br />		<br />

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:52, 12 January 2023

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 The version we want takes the name of a testsuite as a parameter and the number of the sentence you want to parse. For example:
    % parse-testfile your-testsuite.lfg 3
 <br />

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:51, 12 January 2023

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	ParGramBank can be accessed and downloaded for free via the INESS treebanking infrastructure:		ParGramBank can be accessed and downloaded for free via the INESS treebanking infrastructure:

	*INESS treebanking infrastructure: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page		*INESS treebanking infrastructure: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page<br />

	~~==Questions==~~
	Information-seeking wh-questions are dealt with via functional-uncertainty paths. The wh-item is considered to be focused and this is represented explicitly at f-structure. The wh-item is placed into a (long-distance) dependency with the grammatical function (e.g., OBJ, OBL or ADJUNCT) it represents. F-structure examples are provided below from the English grammar for:

	~~(1) Who does David like? (2) Who does David think Mary likes?~~

	Furthermore, the f-structure makes a distinction between the features FOCUS-INT and PRON-INT. FOCUS-INT registers the actual item that is taken to be in focus, whereas PRON-INT register the actual wh-item. In examples (1) and (2) these are always identical. However, a difference emerges in examples involving pied-piping. Some examples are given in

	~~(3) Whose book did you read? (4) Which book did you read? (5) How old is the president?~~
	<br />

	==Non Latin Scripts==		==Non Latin Scripts==

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:50, 12 January 2023

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	*INESS treebanking infrastructure: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page		*INESS treebanking infrastructure: http://clarino.uib.no/iness/page

	~~<br />~~

	~~==Testsuites==~~
	~~This page lists some interesting testsuite resources. Thanks go to Emily Bender and Dan Flickinger for naming some of the resources.~~

	~~===TSNLP testsuites===~~
	~~Testsuites put together by the TSNLP project. Very linguistically principled, but not a very large range of languages:~~

	~~http://www.dfki.de/lt/project.php?id=Project_380&l=en~~

	~~(This is apparently no longer available for download. It might be worth contacting the people behind the project for a copy of the testsuites created.)~~

	~~The TSNLP testsuite is available from the ELRA catalogue:~~

	~~http://islrn.org/resources/717-350-913-018-8/~~

	~~The Konstanz site has gotten a hold of it via ELRA. Contact Sebastian Sulger for instructions on how to license the TSNLP package.~~
	~~<br />~~

	~~===MRS testsuite (DELPH-IN)===~~
	~~There is also the MRS testsuite, created by DELPH-IN. This started as a resource for English and has been translated to a few languages. Its focus is on illustrating core semantic phenomena:~~

	~~http://moin.delph-in.net/MatrixMrsTestSuite~~

	This testsuite is also part of the [incr tsdb()] software package (http://www.delph-in.net/itsdb/) for several languages, but there is a more comprising collection online, accessible via the link above.

	I have compiled a package of MatrixMRS testsuites for multiple languages here: http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/sulger/files/MatrixMRSTestSuite.tar.gz The testsuites have varying formats since the source page presented them in differing formats.
	~~<br />~~

	~~===Another semantically-oriented testsuite (to augment the MRS testsuite above)===~~
	~~Recent work on documenting the semantic analyses in the English Resource Grammar has led to another semantically-oriented testsuite, to augment the MRS testsuite. This one is monolingual, though.~~

	~~http://moin.delph-in.net/ErgSemantics http://svn.emmtee.net/trunk/uio/wesearch/esd.txt~~
	~~<br />~~

	~~===FraCaS test suite===~~
	~~FraCaS test suite from 1996, focused on linguistic phenomena related to logical inference, described in a technical report by Cooper et al. from 1996. Here is the reference and a link to the paper:~~

	Robin Cooper, Dick Crouch, Jan Van Eijck, Chris Fox, Josef Van Genabith, Jan Jaspars, Hans Kamp, Manfred Pinkal, David Milward, Massimo Poesio, and Steve Pulman. 1996. Using the Framework. Technical report, FraCaS: A Framework for Computational Semantics. FraCaS deliverable D16.

	~~http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.45.7694&rep=rep1&type=pdf~~

	~~An XML version of this data is available for download from Bill MacCartney at this website:~~

	~~http://www-nlp.stanford.edu/~wcmac/downloads/~~

	~~The FraCaS data was also used for a bilingual English-Swedish test suite by Peter Ljungl√∂f and Magdalena Siverbo, described in this paper:~~

	~~http://gup.ub.gu.se/records/fulltext/168967/168967.pdf~~
	~~<br />~~

	~~===HP NL Testsuite===~~
	~~Hewlett-Packard Natural Language Testsuite, originally by Dan Flickinger, Marilyn Friedman, Mark Gawron, John Nerbonne, Carl Pollard, Geoffrey Pullum, Ivan Sag, and Tom Wasow.~~

	~~http://www.ual.es/personal/nperdu/hpsuite.htm~~

	~~I put a copy of that testsuite up here, in case the above link stops working:~~

	~~http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/sulger/files/hp-nl-testsuite.txt~~
	~~<br />~~

	~~===Testsuites inspired by Linguist Fieldwork===~~
	~~Wayan Arka says the following:~~

	Field linguists typically have a kind of opportunistic data collection techniques in the field but they often use Lingua questionnaires, or make use of the available elicitation materials e.g. created by the MPI (http://fieldmanuals.mpi.nl/), or create their own elicitation materials.

	The attached questionnaires created for my NSF-funded Voice project seem to look like test suites that we use in ParGram. As you will see, they have English and Indonesian for each item. We can adapt the questionnaires, if you like.

	~~I put up the testsuites sent by Wayan below.~~

	==Questions==		==Questions==

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:49, 12 January 2023

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 The version we want takes the name of a testsuite as a parameter and the number of the sentence you want to parse. For example:
    % parse-testfile your-testsuite.lfg 3
 ==Predicatives==

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:48, 12 January 2023

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	<br />		<br />

	~~==Tense Aspect Mood==~~
	~~The attached document reflects an on-going discussion on what the representation of tense, aspect, mood, etc. should be in the ParGram grammars.~~

	The current common feature space used by grammars is described as part of the overall feature space in the Starter Grammar (http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/PargramStarterGrammar/starternotes.html) in the XLE Documentation (http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/xle_toc.html).

	==Testsuites==		==Testsuites==

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:47, 12 January 2023

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	The current common feature space used by grammars is described as part of the overall feature space in the Starter Grammar (http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/PargramStarterGrammar/starternotes.html) in the XLE Documentation (http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/xle_toc.html).		The current common feature space used by grammars is described as part of the overall feature space in the Starter Grammar (http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/PargramStarterGrammar/starternotes.html) in the XLE Documentation (http://www2.parc.com/isl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/xle_toc.html).

	~~==Negation==~~
	There has been a discussion over the years about how to treat negation. The English and German grammars register negation as an ADJUNCT (ADJUNCT-TYPE neg) in the f-strucutre. However, this analysis did not seem to make sense for affixal negation on the verb. Instead, the presence of negation is just registered via a NEG + feature. The ParGram grammars are currently split how they analyze negation between these two options.

	At the ParGram meeting in Oxford in 2006, a decision was taken that all grammar should experiment with a possibly complex NEG feature ([https://ling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/pages/xle/130813130135_Negation_committee_report.pdf Negation_committee_report.pdf]). The problem here is that you get examples like "I didn't not go." in English and it is not clear how to treat that with just a NEG feature.

	~~Also there is maybe an issue with respect to NPI items that one might want to think about. But perhaps this is best left for semantics.~~

	At the ParGram meeting after the LFG conference in Debrecen in 2013, there was a roundtable discussion on negation in LFG. The overview presentation ([https://ling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/pages/xle/140517221825_negation_prezi_2013_ParGram.pdf negation_prezi_2013_ParGram.pdf]) contains extracts from the joint ACL 2013 paper on ParGramBank (http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P/P13/P13-1054.pdf) and some concomitant email correspondence on individual grammars, as well as screenshots of XLE-analyses of various negation constructions. The major points are as follows:

	*The ADJUNCT/NEG+ choice does not always correlate with the expected language type in the XLE grammars: Polish has a negative adjunct but the XLE grammar uses the NEG+ feature; Indonesian uniformly employs the ADJUNCT-analysis even if it has several distinct negative marker types.
	*Several languages have competing negation strategies (Wolof, Indonesian, French). Thus some level of consistency is an issue crosslinguistically as well as within some of the grammars.
	*Problems for the NEG+ analysis: "I cannot not go" (see also above), scope-interactions
	*Problems for the ADJUNCT analysis: relation between "John didn't see anybody" and "John saw nobody"; or between "John didn't have any time" and "John had no time" ("no" is a quantifier in the English grammar with the feature POL negative)
	*General issue: separate clearly f-structure issues and semantic issues in the analysis

	The novel discussion at the ParGram meeting 2015 in Warsaw, which was substantiated by a talk by Tibor Laczko on Hungarian negation, lead to the insight that maybe what one should do is to adopt the differentiated treatment put forward by the Hungarian grammar. The slides by Tibor are attached ([https://ling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/pages/xle/150205180912_laczko_negation_ParGram_Warsaw_140204.pdf laczko_negation_ParGram_Warsaw_140204.pdf]).

	==Testsuites==		==Testsuites==

Jessica.2.zipf at 09:46, 12 January 2023

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 The version we want takes the name of a testsuite as a parameter and the number of the sentence you want to parse. For example:
    % parse-testfile your-testsuite.lfg 3
 ==Nouns==