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== The 65 space groups in which proteins composed of L-amino acids can crystallize ==
=== Space groups as combinations of symmetry elements ===
 
Space group determination entails the following steps:
# determine the '''Laue class''': this is the symmetry of the intensity-weighted point lattice (diffraction pattern). 1,2,3,4,6=n-fold rotation axis; -n means inversion centre (normally the - is written over the n); m means mirror.
# find out about '''Bravais type''': the second letter signifies centering (P=primitive; C=centered on C-face; F=centered on all faces; I=body-centered; R=rhombohedral). The first letter (a=triclinic; m=monoclinic; o=orthorhombic; h=trigonal or hexagonal; c=cubic) is redundant since it can be inferred from the Laue group.
# possible spacegroups are now given in '''columns 3 and 4'''; CORRECT always suggests the one given in column 3 but this is no more likely than those in column 4.
# choose according to screw axis (according to the table "REFLECTIONS OF TYPE H,0,0  0,K,0  0,0,L OR EXPECTED TO BE ABSENT (*)" in [[CORRECT.LP]]); this may result in two possibilities (enantiomorphs).
# determine correct enantiomorph - this usually means that one tries to solve the structure in both spacegroups, and only one gives a sensible result (like helices that are right-handed, amino acids of the L type).
 
 
== Table of space groups by Laue class and Bravais type ==
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
! Laue class
! Bravais type
! spacegroup <br> number <br> suggested by <br> CORRECT
! other possibilities (with screw axes)
! alternative indexing <br> possible?
! choosing among all spacegroup possibilities
|-
| -1 || aP || 1 ||-||||
|- 
| 2/m || mP || 3 || 4 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|- 
| 2/m || mC ||  5 || - |||| The [[pointless]] article discusses why I2 (mI) should not be used.
|- 
| mmm || oP || 16 || 17, 18, 19 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide. The [[pointless]] article discusses why CCP4's 1017 (P2<sub>1</sub>22), 2017 (P22<sub>1</sub>2), 2018 (P2<sub>1</sub>22<sub>1</sub>) , 3018 (P22<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>) are not needed and should not be used.
|-
| mmm || oC || 21 || 20 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|-
| mmm || oF || 22 ||-||||
|-
| mmm || oI || 23 || 24 |||| screw axis extinctions do '''not''' let you decide because the I centering results in h+k+l=2n and the screw axis extinction 00l=2n is just a special case of that. 23/24 do '''not''' form an enantiomorphic, but a ''special'' pair (ITC A §3.5, p. 46 in the 1995 edition).
|-
| 4/m || tP || 75 || 76, 77, 78 ||k,h,-l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 76/78 enantiomorphs
|-
| 4/m || tI || 79 || 80 ||k,h,-l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|-
| 4/mmm || tP || 89 || 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 91/95 and 92/96 enantiomorphs
|-
| 4/mmm || tI || 97 || 98 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|-
| -3 || hP || 143 || 144, 145 ||-h,-k,l; k,h,-l; -k,-h,-l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 144/145 enantiomorphs
|-
| -3 || hR || 146 || - ||k,h,-l, and obverse (-h+k+l=3n) / reverse (h-k+l=3n)||
|-
| -3/m || hP || 149 || 151, 153 ||k,h,-l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 151/153 enantiomorphs. Note: the twofold goes along the diagonal between a and b.
|-
| -3/m || hP || 150 || 152, 154 ||-h,-k,l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 152/154 enantiomorphs. Note: compared to previous line, the twofold goes along a.
|-
| -3/m || hR || 155 || - ||obverse/reverse||
|-
| 6/m || hP || 168 || 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 ||k,h,-l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 169/170 and 171/172 enantiomorphs
|-
| 6/mmm || hP || 177 || 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 178/179 and 180/181 enantiomorphs
|-
| m-3 || cP || 195 || 198 ||k,h,-l|| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|-
| m-3 || cF || 196 ||-||k,h,-l||
|-
| m-3 || cI || 197 || 199 ||k,h,-l|| screw axis extinctions do '''not''' let you decide because the I centering results in h+k+l=2n and the screw axis extinction 00l=2n is just a special case of that. 197/199 do '''not''' form an enantiomorphic, but a ''special'' pair (ITC A §3.5, p. 46 in the 1995 edition).
|-
| m-3m || cP || 207 || 208, 212, 213 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 212/213 enantiomorphs
|-
| m-3m || cF || 209 || 210 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|-
| m-3m || cI || 211 || 214 |||| screw axis extinctions let you decide
|-
|}
 
Alternative indexing possibilities taken from http://www.ccp4.ac.uk/html/reindexing.html (for R3 and R32, obverse/reverse are specified).
If you find an error in the table please send an email to kay dot diederichs at uni-konstanz dot de !
 
== The 65 Sohncke space groups in which proteins composed of L-amino acids can crystallize ==




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=== Subgroup and supergroup relations of these space groups ===
Compiled from [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1107/97809553602060000001 International Tables for Crystallography (2006) Vol. A1 (Wiley)]. Simply put, for each space group, a maximum ''translationengleiche'' subgroup has lost a single type of symmetry, and a minimum ''translationengleiche'' supergroup has gained a single symmetry type. Example: P222 is a supergroup of P2, and a subgroup of P422 (and P4222 and P23). Of course the sub-/supergroup relation is recursive, which is why P1 is also a (sub-)subgroup of P222 (but not a maximum ''translationengleiche'' subgroup). The table below does not show other types of relations, e.g. non-isomorphic ''klassengleiche'' supergroups which may result e.g. from centring translations, because I find them less relevant in space group determination.


== Space group selected by XDS: ambiguous with respect to enantiomorph and screw axes ==
The table is relevant because in particular (perfect) twinning adds a symmetry type, and leads to an apparent space group which is the supergroup of the true space group.
 
{| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1"  
In case of a crystal with an unknown space group (SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=0 in [[XDS.INP]]), XDS (since [http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~kabsch/xds/html_doc/Release_Notes.html version June 2008]) helps the user in determination of the correct space group, by suggesting possible space groups compatible with the lattice symmetry of the data, and by calculating the R<sub>meas</sub> for these space groups.
! spacegroup number
 
! maximum ''translationengleiche'' subgroup
XDS (or rather, the [[CORRECT.LP|CORRECT]] step) makes an attempt to pick the correct space group automatically: it chooses that space group which has the highest symmetry (thus yielding the lowest number of unique reflections) and still a tolerable R<sub>meas</sub> compared to the R<sub>meas</sub> the data have in any space group (which is most likely a low-symmetry space group - often P1).
! minimum ''translationengleiche'' supergroup
 
! spacegroup name
In many cases the automatic choice is the correct one, and re-running the [[CORRECT.LP|CORRECT]] step is then not necessary. However, neither the correct enantiomorph nor screw axes (see below) are determined automatically by XDS.
 
=== Space groups to consider based on CORRECT suggestion ===
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"  
! Bravais type
! Laue group
! If CORRECT suggests
! it could just as well be
! Comment
|-
|-
| aP || -1 || 1 || - ||  
|   1 ||-|| 3, 4, 5, 143, 144, 145, 146 || P 1
|-   
|-   
| mP || 2m || 3 || 4 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
|   3 || 1 || 16, 17, 18, 21, 75, 77, 168, 171, 172 || P 2
|-   
|-   
| mC || 2m || 5 || - || The [[pointless]] article discusses why I2 (mI) should not be used.
|   4 || 1 || 17, 18, 19, 20, 76, 78, 169, 170, 173 || P 21
|-   
|-   
| oP || mmm || 16 || 17, 18, 19 || screw axis extinctions let you decide. The [[pointless]] article discusses why CCP4's 1017 (P2<sub>1</sub>22), 2017 (P22<sub>1</sub>2), 2018 (P2<sub>1</sub>22<sub>1</sub>) , 3018 (P22<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>) are not needed and should not be used.
|   5 || 1 || 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 79, 80, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155 || C2
|- 
| 16 || 3 || 89, 93, 195 || P 2 2 2
|-
|  17 || 3, 4 || 91, 95 || P 2 2 21
|-
|  18 || 3, 4 || 90, 94 || P 21 21 2
|-
|  19 || 4 || 92, 96, 198 || P 21 21 21
|-
|  20 || 4, 5 || 91, 92, 95, 96, 178, 179, 182 || C 2 2 21
|-
|  21 || 3, 5 || 89, 90, 93, 94, 177, 180, 181 || C 2 2 2
|-
|  22 || 5 || 97, 98, 196 || F 2 2 2
|-
|  23 || 5 || 97, 197 || I 2 2 2
|-
|  24 || 5 || 98, 199 || I 21 21 21
|-
|  75 || 3 || 89, 90 || P 4
|-
|  76 || 4 || 91, 92 || P 41
|-
|  77 || 3 || 93, 94 || P 42
|-
|  78 || 4 || 95, 96 || P 43
|-
|  79 || 5 || 97 || I 4
|-
|  80 || 5 || 98 || I 41
|-
|  89 || 16, 21, 75 || 207 || P 4 2 2
|-
|  90 || 18, 21, 75 || - || P 4 21 2
|-
|  91 || 17, 20, 76 || - || P 41 2 2
|-
|  92 || 19, 20, 76 || 213 || P 41 21 2
|-
|  93 || 16, 21, 77 || 208 || P 42 2 2
|-
|  94 || 18, 21, 77 || 93, 97 || P 42 21 2
|-
|  95 || 17, 20, 78 || - || P 43 2 2
|-
|  96 || 19, 20, 78 || 212 || P 43 21 2
|-
|-
| oC || mmm || 21 || 20 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
| 97 || 22, 23, 79 || 209, 211 || I 4 2 2
|-
|-
| oF || mmm || 22 || - ||  
| 98 || 22, 24, 80 || 210, 214 || I 41 2 2
|-
|-
| oI || mmm || 23 || 24 || screw axis extinctions do '''not''' let you decide because the I centering results in h+k+l=2n and the screw axis extinction 00l=2n is just a special case of that.
| 143 || 1 || 149, 150, 168, 173 || P 3
|-
|-
| tP || 4/m || 75 || 76, 77, 78 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 76/78 enantiomorphs
| 144 || 1 || 151, 152, 169, 172 || P 31
|-
|-
| tP || 4/mmm || 89 || 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 91/95 and 92/96 enantiomorphs
| 145 || 1 || 153, 154, 170, 171 || P 32
|-
|-
| tI || 4/m || 79 || 80 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
| 146 || 1 || 155, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199 || R 3
|-
|-
| tI || 4/mmm || 97 || 98 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
| 149 || 5, 143 || 177, 182 || P 3 1 2
|-
|-
| hP || -3 || 143 || 144, 145 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 144/145 enantiomorphs
| 150 || 5, 143 || 177, 182 || P 3 2 1
|-
|-
| hR || -3 || 146 || - ||  
| 151 || 5, 144 || 178, 181 || P 31 1 2
|-
|-
| hP || -3/m || 149 || 151, 153 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 151/153 enantiomorphs
| 152 || 5, 144 || 178, 181 || P 31 2 1
|-
|-
| hP || -3/m || 150 || 152, 154 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 152/154 enantiomorphs
| 153 || 5, 145 || 179, 180 || P 32 1 2
|-
|-
| hR || -3/m || 155 || - ||  
| 154 || 5, 145 || 179, 180 || P 32 2 1
|-
|-
| hP || 6/m || 168 || 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 169/170 and 171/172 enantiomorphs
| 155 || 5, 146 || 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214 || R 3 2
|-
|-
| hP || 6/mmm || 177 || 178, 179, 180, 181, 182 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 178/179 and 180/181 enantiomorphs
| 168 || 3, 143 || 177 || P 6
|-
|-
| cP || m-3 || 195 || 198 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
| 169 || 4, 144 || 178 || P 61
|-
|-
| cF || m-3 || 196 || - ||  
| 170 || 4, 145 || 179 || P 65
|-
|-
| cI || m-3 || 197 || 199 || screw axis extinctions do '''not''' let you decide because the I centering results in h+k+l=2n and the screw axis extinction 00l=2n is just a special case of that.
| 171 || 3, 145 || 180 || P 62
|-
|-
| cP || m-3m || 207 || 208, 212, 213 || screw axis extinctions let you decide, except between 212/213 enantiomorphs
| 172 || 3, 144 || 181 || P 64
|-
|-
| cF || m-3m || 209 || 210 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
| 173 || 4, 143 || 182 || P 63
|-
|-
| cI || m-3m || 211 || 214 || screw axis extinctions let you decide
| 177 || 21, 149, 150, 168 || - || P 6 2 2
|-
| 178 || 20, 151, 152, 169 || - || P 61 2 2
|-
| 179 || 20, 153, 154, 170 || - || P 65 2 2
|-
| 180 || 21, 153, 154, 171 || - || P 62 2 2
|-
| 181 || 21, 151, 152, 172 || - || P 64 2 2
|-
| 182 || 20, 149, 150, 173 || - || P 63 2 2
|-
| 195 || 16, 146 || 207, 208 || P 2 3
|-
| 196 || 22, 146 || 209, 210 || F 2 3
|-
| 197 || 23, 146 || 211 || I 2 3
|-
| 198 || 19, 146 || 212, 213 || P 21 3
|-
| 199 || 24, 146 || 214 || I 21 3
|-
| 207 || 89, 155, 195 || - || P 4 3 2
|-
| 208 || 93, 155, 195 || - || P 42 3 2
|-
| 209 || 97, 155, 196 || - || F 4 3 2
|-
| 210 || 98, 155, 196 || - || F 41 3 2
|-
| 211 || 97, 155, 197 || - || I 4 3 2
|-
| 212 || 96, 155, 198 || - || P 43 3 2
|-
| 213 || 92, 155, 198 || - || P 41 3 2
|-
| 214 || 98, 155, 199 || - || I 41 3 2
|-
|-
|}
|}


If you find an error in the table please send an email to kay dot diederichs at uni-konstanz.de !
== Space group selected by XDS: ambiguous with respect to enantiomorph and screw axes ==
 
In case of a crystal with an unknown space group (SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=0 in [[XDS.INP]]), XDS (since [http://xds.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/html_doc/Release_Notes.html version June 2008]) helps the user in determination of the correct space group, by suggesting possible space groups compatible with the Laue symmetry and Bravais type of the data, and by calculating the R<sub>meas</sub> for these space groups.
 
XDS (or rather, the [[CORRECT.LP|CORRECT]] step) makes an attempt to pick the correct space group automatically: it chooses that space group which has the highest symmetry (thus yielding the lowest number of unique reflections) and still a tolerable R<sub>meas</sub> compared to the R<sub>meas</sub> the data have in any space group (which is most likely a low-symmetry space group - often P1).
 
In some cases the automatic choice is the correct one, and re-running the [[CORRECT.LP|CORRECT]] step is then not necessary. However, neither the correct enantiomorph nor [[Space_group_determination#Screw_axes|screw axes]] (see below) are determined automatically by XDS.


== Space group selected by user ==
== Space group selected by user ==


Even in case the space group selected by XDS should be incorrect, the resulting list (in CORRECT.LP) should give the user enough information to pick the correct space group herself. The user may then put suitable lines with SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=, UNIT_CELL_CONSTANTS= into XDS.INP and re-run the CORRECT step to obtain the desired result. (The REIDX= line is no longer required; XDS figures the matrix out.)
In case the space group selected by XDS should be incorrect, the resulting list (in CORRECT.LP) should give the user enough information to pick the correct space group herself (alternatives are in the big table above!). The user may then put suitable lines with SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=, UNIT_CELL_CONSTANTS= into XDS.INP and re-run the CORRECT step to obtain the desired result. (The REIDX= line is no longer required; XDS figures the matrix out.)


== Influencing the selection by XDS ==
== Influencing the selection by XDS ==
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There are two ways to have XDS choose an indexing consistent with some other dataset:
There are two ways to have XDS choose an indexing consistent with some other dataset:
* using REFERENCE_DATA_SET=    ! see also [[REFERENCE_DATA_SET]]
* using REFERENCE_DATA_SET=    ! see also [[REFERENCE_DATA_SET]]
* using [http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/~kabsch/xds/html_doc/xds_parameters.html#UNIT_CELL_A-AXIS= UNIT_CELL_A-AXIS=], UNIT_CELL_B-AXIS=, UNIT_CELL_C-AXIS= from a previous data collection run with the same crystal
* using [http://xds.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/html_doc/xds_parameters.html#UNIT_CELL_A-AXIS= UNIT_CELL_A-AXIS=], UNIT_CELL_B-AXIS=, UNIT_CELL_C-AXIS= from a previous data collection run with the same crystal


One can also manually force a specific indexing, using the REIDX= keyword, but this is error-prone.
One can also manually force a specific indexing, using the REIDX= keyword, but this is error-prone.
Line 127: Line 280:
== Screw axes ==
== Screw axes ==


The current version makes no attempt to find out about screw axes. It is assumed that the user checks the table in CORRECT.LP entitled "REFLECTIONS OF TYPE H,0,0  0,K,0  0,0,L OR EXPECTED TO BE ABSENT (*)", and identifies whether the intensities follow the rules
The current version makes no attempt to find out about screw axes. It is assumed that the user checks the table in CORRECT.LP entitled '''REFLECTIONS OF TYPE H,0,0  0,K,0  0,0,L OR EXPECTED TO BE ABSENT (*)''', and identifies whether the intensities follow the rules
# a two-fold screw axis along an axis in reciprocal space (theoretically) results in zero intensity for the odd-numbered (e.g. 0,K,0 with K = 2*n + 1) reflections, leaving the reflections of type 2*n as candidates for medium to strong reflections (they don't ''have'' to be strong, but they ''may'' be strong!).
# a two-fold screw axis along an axis in reciprocal space (theoretically) results in zero intensity for the odd-numbered (e.g. 0,K,0 with K = 2*n + 1) reflections, leaving the reflections of type 2*n as candidates for medium to strong reflections (they don't ''have'' to be strong, but they ''may'' be strong!).
# similarly, a three-fold screw axis (theoretically) results in zero intensity for the reflections of type 3*n+1 and 3*n+2, and allows possibly strong 3*n reflections . 3<sub>1</sub> and 3<sub>2</sub> cannot be distinguished.  
# similarly, a three-fold screw axis (theoretically) results in zero intensity for the reflections of type 3*n+1 and 3*n+2, and allows possibly strong 3*n reflections . 3<sub>1</sub> and 3<sub>2</sub> cannot be distinguished - they are enantiomorphs.  
# analogously for four-fold and six-fold axes.
# analogously for four-fold screw axes: for H=0, K=0 reflections, 4<sub>1</sub> and 4<sub>3</sub> screws yield the rule L=4*n, and 4<sub>2</sub> yields the rule L=2*n .
# analogously for six-fold screw axes: for H=0, K=0 reflections, 6<sub>1</sub> and 6<sub>5</sub> screws yield the rule L=6*n, 6<sub>2</sub> and 6<sub>4</sub> yield the rule L=3*n, and 6<sub>3</sub> yields the rule L=2*n .
Once screw axes have been deduced from the patterns of intensities along H,0,0  0,K,0  0,0,L , the resulting space group should be identified in the lists of space group numbers printed in IDXREF.LP and CORRECT.LP, and the CORRECT step can be re-run. Those reflections that should theoretically have zero intensity are then marked with a "*" in the table. In practice, they should be (hopefully quite) weak, or even negative.
Once screw axes have been deduced from the patterns of intensities along H,0,0  0,K,0  0,0,L , the resulting space group should be identified in the lists of space group numbers printed in IDXREF.LP and CORRECT.LP, and the CORRECT step can be re-run. Those reflections that should theoretically have zero intensity are then marked with a "*" in the table. In practice, they should be (hopefully quite) weak, or even negative.


Line 140: Line 294:
** ambiguity of hand of screw axis (e.g. 3<sub>1</sub> versus 3<sub>2</sub>, or 6<sub>2</sub> versus 6<sub>4</sub>) - see the table above!
** ambiguity of hand of screw axis (e.g. 3<sub>1</sub> versus 3<sub>2</sub>, or 6<sub>2</sub> versus 6<sub>4</sub>) - see the table above!
** twinning may make a low-symmetry space group look like a high-symmetry one
** twinning may make a low-symmetry space group look like a high-symmetry one
* [[pointless]] helps with identification of screw axes, and its identification of Laue group is more sensitive than that implemented in CORRECT. However it is not fail-safe, and cannot tell the correct enantiomorph.
* only when the structure is satisfactorily refined can the chosen space group be considered established and correct. Until then, it is just a hypothesis and its alternatives (see the table) should be kept in mind.
* only when the structure is satisfactorily refined can the chosen space group be considered established and correct. Until then, it is just a hypothesis and its alternatives (see the table) should be kept in mind.
== An example ==
The following example shows the difficulty in deciding between higher and lower symmetry.
IDXREF reports:
<pre>
  LATTICE-  BRAVAIS-  QUALITY  UNIT CELL CONSTANTS (ANGSTROEM & DEGREES)
CHARACTER  LATTICE    OF FIT      a      b      c  alpha  beta gamma
*  44        aP          0.0      74.0  78.6  124.0 108.2 105.1  90.4
*  31        aP          3.5      74.0  78.6  124.0  71.8  74.9  90.4
*  41        mC          7.4    235.7  78.6  74.0  90.4 106.1  89.7
*  37        mC        34.8    239.6  74.0  78.6  90.4 109.0  87.8
*  42        oI        38.7      74.0  78.6  226.6  90.2  92.2  90.4
    14        mC        122.5    107.6  108.3  124.0  92.8 114.1  86.6
...
</pre>
so oI (space groups 23=I222 or 24=I2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>) or the two mC (space group 5=C2) are possibilities for indexing, and of course P1. Integration in P1 (because of SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=0 in XDS.INP) results in the following table for space group determination in CORRECT:
<pre>
SPACE-GROUP        UNIT CELL CONSTANTS            UNIQUE  Rmeas  COMPARED  LATTICE-
  NUMBER      a      b      c  alpha beta gamma                            CHARACTER
      1      74.1  78.6  124.0  71.8  74.8  90.4    6959    22.5    5309    31 aP
  *  23      74.1  78.6  226.6  90.0  90.0  90.0    2735    39.5    9533    42 oI
      5    235.7  78.6  74.1  90.0 106.1  90.0    3922    31.0    8346    41 mC
      5    239.6  74.1  78.6  90.0 109.0  90.0    5111    30.7    7157    37 mC
      1      74.1  78.6  124.0 108.2 105.2  90.4    6959    22.5    5309    44 aP
</pre>
The automatic choice gave 23 as a result. This is because the associated R<sub>meas</sub> (39.5) is lower than MAX_FAC_RMEAS * (lowest R<sub>meas</sub>) = 2 * 22.5 = 45.0.
However, the C2 values of 30.7 and 31.0 are significantly lower still, and the question needs further investigation.
=== checking the CORRECT assignment with [[pointless]] ===
<code>[[pointless]] XDS_ASCII.HKL</code> gives:
<pre>
Analysing rotational symmetry in lattice group I 4/m m m
----------------------------------------------
<!--SUMMARY_BEGIN-->
Scores for each symmetry element
Nelmt  Lklhd  Z-cc    CC        N  Rmeas    Symmetry & operator (in Lattice Cell)
  1  0.856  7.77  0.78    9368  0.224    identity
  2  0.139  2.98  0.30    6376  0.894    2-fold l ( 0 0 1) {-h,-k,l}
  3  0.842  8.02  0.80  18679  0.234 **  2-fold k ( 0 1 0) {-h,k,-l}
  4  0.148  3.10  0.31    5858  1.254    2-fold h ( 1 0 0) {h,-k,-l}
  5  0.073  1.25  0.13  12111  1.077    2-fold  ( 1-1 0) {-k,-h,-l}
  6  0.071  1.11  0.11  12293  1.152    2-fold  ( 1 1 0) {k,h,-l}
  7  0.068  0.83  0.08  24758  1.084    4-fold l ( 0 0 1) {-k,h,l}{k,-h,l}
</pre>
and this shows that actually there is only one instead of three two-fold axes, despite the fact that CORRECT auto-chose the orthorhombic system and possibly even rejected some reflections that do not fit it well.
Pointless then re-indexes to I2 and suggests:
<pre>
Best Solution:    space group I 1 2 1
  Reindex operator:                  [h,k,l]               
  Laue group probability:            0.763
  Systematic absence probability:    1.000
  Total probability:                  0.763
  Space group confidence:            0.687
  Laue group confidence              0.687
  Unit cell:  78.05  80.78 235.63    90.00  90.00  90.00
  50.67 to  3.73  - Resolution range used for Laue group search
  50.67 to  3.08  - Resolution range in file, used for systematic absence check
  Number of batches in file:    120
The data do not appear to be twinned, from the L-test
$$ <!--SUMMARY_END-->
HKLIN spacegroup: I 2 2 2  body-centred orthorhombic
$TEXT:Warning:$$ $$
The input crystal system is body-centred orthorhombic
(Cell:  78.05  80.78 235.63    90.00  90.00  90.00)
The crystal system chosen for output is body-centred monoclinic
(Cell:  78.05  80.78 235.63    90.00  90.00  90.00)
$TEXT:Warning:$$ $$
WARNING:
WARNING:
The chosen output crystal system is different from that used for integration of the input file(s).
You should rerun the integration in the chosen crystal system because the cell constraints differ
$$
Filename:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Final point group choice has alternative indexing possibilities
Alternative indexing possibilities are marked '*' if the cells are
  too different at the maximum resolution
    CellDifference(A) ReindexOperator
  1      0.0          [h,k,l]
  2      0.0          [h,-k,-l]
  3      8.0 *        [k,-h,l]
  4      8.0 *        [-k,h,l]
</pre>
At the bottom of the output, we see that other indexing possibilities exist. That means that one has to be very careful when merging crystals from this project, and that there may also be the possibility of twinning.
In this particular case, CORRECT chose the wrong symmetry, whereas pointless identified the correct symmetry elements. I have also seen cases where pointless mis-identified the symmetry, usually on the side of too high symmetry. To avoid mistakes in space group identification, it is absolutely crucial to read and understand the tables that the programs print.
=== a more sensible way to run pointless ===
pointless should really be run with the "SETTING SYMMETRY-BASED" option. When doing that, the output changes to
<pre>
Best Solution:    space group C 1 2 1
  Reindex operator:                  [h+l,k,-h]             
  Laue group probability:            0.807
  Systematic absence probability:    1.000
  Total probability:                  0.807
  Space group confidence:            0.734
  Laue group confidence              0.734
  Unit cell:  248.53  80.86  78.08    90.00 108.31  90.00
  40.76 to  3.80  - Resolution range used for Laue group search
  40.76 to  3.08  - Resolution range in file, used for systematic absence check
  Number of batches in file:    120
The data do not appear to be twinned, from the L-test
$$ <!--SUMMARY_END-->
HKLIN spacegroup: I 2 2 2  body-centred orthorhombic
$TEXT:Warning:$$ $$
The input crystal system is body-centred orthorhombic
(Cell:  78.08  80.86 235.95    90.00  90.00  90.00)
The crystal system chosen for output is C-centred monoclinic
(Cell:  248.53  80.86  78.08    90.00 108.31  90.00)
$TEXT:Warning:$$ $$
WARNING:
WARNING:
The chosen output crystal system is different from that used for integration of the input file(s).
You should rerun the integration in the chosen crystal system because the cell constraints differ
$$
</pre>
so the spacegroup given is the more normal C2 setting (instead of A2 or I2). Unfortunately, pointless does not seem to print out the table of "alternative indexing possibilities" in this mode - but possibly the table is only printed in the I2 case because the beta angle comes out as 90.0°.
=== not biasing the cell parameters, and avoiding premature outlier rejection ===
CORRECT can easily be forced ''not'' to assign a spacegroup, and consequently will not reject outliers based on a too high symmetry assignment. To this end one simply supplies space group P1 and its unit cell:
<pre>
SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=1
UNIT_CELL_CONSTANTS= 74.1  78.6  124.0 108.2 105.2  90.4
</pre>
in XDS.INP and re-runs CORRECT. That gives an unbiased XDS_ASCII.HKL, with no angles set to 90°. pointless ''with'' SETTING SYMMETRY_BASED then gives
<pre>
Best Solution:    space group C 1 2 1
  Reindex operator:                [-k-2l,-k,-h]             
  Laue group probability:            0.849
  Systematic absence probability:    1.000
  Total probability:                  0.849
  Space group confidence:            0.770
  Laue group confidence              0.770
  Unit cell:  233.70  78.42  73.22    90.31 105.34  89.77
</pre>
and ''without'' SETTING SYMMETRY_BASED
<pre>
Best Solution:    space group I 1 2 1
  Reindex operator:                [-h,-k,h+k+2l]           
  Laue group probability:            0.838
  Systematic absence probability:    1.000
  Total probability:                  0.838
  Space group confidence:            0.753
  Laue group confidence              0.753
  Unit cell:  233.70  78.42  73.22    90.31 105.34  89.77
</pre>
the dreadful I2 space group nomenclature (and I have no idea why the probability and confidence values are worse than in C2). But anyway this shows that there are two non-equivalent ways to index the same lattice!
=== final steps ===
Finally, XDS (but only JOB=DEFPIX INTEGRATE CORRECT) should be re-run with
<pre>
SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER=5
UNIT_CELL_CONSTANTS= 233.70  78.42  73.22    90 105.34  90
</pre>
because this enforces just the correct cell constraints.
== See also ==
[http://pd.chem.ucl.ac.uk/pdnn/symm3/allsgp.htm The 230  3-Dimensional Space Groups]
Kay
Bureaucrats
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