Xscale

Simple and advanced usage

XSCALE is the stand-alone scaling program of the XDS suite. It scales reflection files (typically called XDS_ASCII.HKL) produced by XDS. Since the CORRECT step of XDS already scales an individual dataset, XSCALE is only needed if several datasets should be scaled relative to another. However, it does not deterioriate (over-fit) a dataset if it is "scaled again" in XSCALE, since the supporting points of the scalefactors are at the same positions in detector and batch space.

One advantage of using XSCALE for a single dataset is that the user can specify the number and limits of the resolution shells. Another is that zero-dose extrapolation can be done.

At the XDS website, there is a short and a long commented example of XSCALE.INP

A minimal input file to combine two datasets into one file is:

OUTPUT_FILE=fae-native.ahkl 
INPUT_FILE= ../fae-native/xds_1/XDS_ASCII.HKL
INPUT_FILE= ../fae-native/xds_2/XDS_ASCII.HKL

Several output files can be specified (together with their set of input files) in a single run of XSCALE, simply by concatenation of sections like the above. All output files are then on the same scale - a program feature recommended for MAD data sets:

OUTPUT_FILE=fae-rh.ahkl 
INPUT_FILE= ../fae-rh/xds_1/XDS_ASCII.HKL
FRIEDEL'S_LAW=FALSE   
STRICT_ABSORPTION_CORRECTION=TRUE         ! see XDSwiki:Tips_and_Tricks
INPUT_FILE= ../fae-rh/xds_2/XDS_ASCII.HKL
FRIEDEL'S_LAW=FALSE
STRICT_ABSORPTION_CORRECTION=TRUE

OUTPUT_FILE=fae-ip.ahkl 
INPUT_FILE= ../fae-ip/xds_1/XDS_ASCII.HKL
FRIEDEL'S_LAW=FALSE
STRICT_ABSORPTION_CORRECTION=TRUE
INPUT_FILE= ../fae-ip/xds_2/XDS_ASCII.HKL
FRIEDEL'S_LAW=FALSE
STRICT_ABSORPTION_CORRECTION=TRUE

Further keywords

RESOLUTION_SHELLS= ! for the printout of R-factors, completeness, ...
SPACE_GROUP_NUMBER= ! if not given, picked up from first input reflection file
UNIT_CELL_CONSTANTS= ! if not given, picked up from first input reflection file

keywords with the same meaning as in CORRECT

REIDX=
REFERENCE_DATA_SET= ! see also REFERENCE_DATA_SET
MINIMUM_I/SIGMA=
REFLECTIONS/CORRECTION_FACTOR=
FRIEDEL'S_LAW=
STRICT_ABSORPTION_CORRECTION=
INCLUDE_RESOLUTION_RANGE=
MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=
CORRECTIONS=
NBATCH=

keywords unique to XSCALE

MERGE= ! average intensities from all input files, applies to output file
WEIGHT= ! applies to input file
CRYSTAL_NAME= ! switch on radiation damage correction for individual reflections (f.i.r.)
STARTING_DOSE= ! (optional for radiation damage correction f.i.r.)
DOSE_RATE= ! (optional for radiation damage correction f.i.r.)
0-DOSE_SIGNIFICANCE_LEVEL= ! (optional for radiation damage correction f.i.r.)

Radiation damage correction

based on resolution shell and frame number

The usual correction (like in AIMLESS and SCALEPACK) based on resolution shell and frame number is performed in XDS as part of the CORRECT step - it can be switched off by omitting DECAY from the default CORRECTIONS= DECAY MODULATION ABSORP. DECAY correction is also the default in XSCALE.

It is instructive to inspect DECAY.cbf (using "XDS-Viewer DECAY.cbf"). This visualizes the scale factors employed by the CORRECT step (the equivalent files from XSCALE are called DECAY_*.cbf); the right sidebar gives the mapping between shades of gray, and numbers (1000 corresponds to a scalefactor of 1). Along the horizontal axis the frame number (or rather the batch number) is shown, along the vertical axis the resolution shell.

for individual reflections: zero-dose extrapolation

To "switch on" radiation damage correction of individual reflections (K. Diederichs, S. McSweeney and R. B. G. Ravelli (2003) Zero-dose extrapolation as part of macromolecular synchrotron data reduction. Acta Cryst. D59, 903-909) it suffices to use the CRYSTAL_NAME keyword. The CRYSTAL_NAME parameters of different datasets do not have to be different. If they are different, this results in more degrees of freedom (namely, the slopes of the reflection intensity as a function of dose) for the program to fit the observed changes of intensities which are induced by radiation damage. However, if the datasets are based on the same crystal, or the datasets are based on crystals from the same drop, it is reasonable to assume that the slopes are the same. Example:

OUTPUT_FILE=fae-merge.ahkl 
  INPUT_FILE= ../fae-ip/xds_1/XDS_ASCII.HKL  !
  CRYSTAL_NAME=ip
  INPUT_FILE= ../fae-ip/xds_2/XDS_ASCII.HKL  ! same crystal, but translated along z
  CRYSTAL_NAME=ip

This is the recommended way as it reduces overfitting.

If, however, the crystals represent different heavy atom soaks, it is advisable to give a different CRYSTAL_NAME to each dataset. Example:

OUTPUT_FILE=hg.ahkl 
  INPUT_FILE= ../xds-hg/XDS_ASCII.HKL  ! a mercury soak
  CRYSTAL_NAME=Hg

OUTPUT_FILE=pt.ahkl
  INPUT_FILE= ../xds-pt/XDS_ASCII.HKL  ! a platinum soak
  CRYSTAL_NAME=Pt

A word of warning: even if the internal quality indicators (R-factors) are better when using this feature, there is no guarantee that the resulting intensities will actually be better suited for your purposes than those obtained without it. In particular, extrapolating to the ends of the dose interval (0 dose and full dose) decreases the precision of the intensities.

Optimal values of dose, for interpolation

The optimal points for interpolation are near 1/4 and near 3/4 of the total dose. Details are published in Diederichs, K., Junk, M. (2009) Post-processing intensity measurements at favourable dose values. J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 48-57.

To interpolate to 22% of the full dose, one has to give a STARTING_DOSE less than zero:

OUTPUT_FILE=hg.ahkl 
  INPUT_FILE= ../xds-hg/XDS_ASCII.HKL  ! a mercury soak
  CRYSTAL_NAME=Hg
  STARTING_DOSE=-22.*   ! assuming the dataset has 100 frames

Explanation: the interpolation is done towards 0, and by defining the start of the dataset to be at -22., one tells the program to calculate (by interpolation) intensity values that would be obtained at dose 0 which in reality is near frame 22.

Another example: by defining STARTING_DOSE=-78.* one would tell the program to calculate, by interpolation, those intensity values that correspond to those that would be obtained near frame 78.

Scaling many datasets

The program has no internal limit for the number of datasets. However, many items are calculated for each pair of datasets. This results in some component of the CPU time being quadratic in the number of datasets. Nevertheless, it is perfectly possible to scale >1000 datasets.

If this is too slow, one could use an incremental way:

Scale the first (say) 100 datasets together, including any low-resolution datasets
For the next step, use the OUTPUT_FILE from the previous step as the first INPUT_FILE (with WFAC1=2), and the next (say) 99 datasets as further INPUT_FILEs.
Go to step 2. as long as you have more datasets

This should reduce wallclock requirements, and simply keeps adding datasets to an ever-growing merged dataset. The nice thing is that you can monitor how the completeness keeps growing with each step, and once good completeness is obtained, CC1/2 should start growing.

Example showing the principle:

# first step 
cat <<EOF>XSCALE.INP
OUTPUT_FILE=1to100.ahkl
INPUT_FILE=../1/XDS_ASCII.HKL
INPUT_FILE=../2/XDS_ASCII.HKL
! insert lines for INPUT_FILEs 3..100
EOF
xscale_par
mv XSCALE.LP XSCALE_1to100.LP
 
# second step
cat <<EOF>XSCALE.INP
OUTPUT_FILE=1to200.ahkl
INPUT_FILE=1to100.ahkl
WFAC1=2    ! avoid rejecting more outliers
INPUT_FILE=../101/XDS_ASCII.HKL
INPUT_FILE=../102/XDS_ASCII.HKL
! insert lines for INPUT_FILEs 103..200
EOF
xscale_par
mv XSCALE.LP XSCALE_1to200.LP
 
# third step
cat <<EOF>XSCALE.INP
OUTPUT_FILE=1to300.ahkl
INPUT_FILE=1to200.ahkl
WFAC1=2   ! avoid rejecting more outliers
INPUT_FILE=../201/XDS_ASCII.HKL
INPUT_FILE=../202/XDS_ASCII.HKL
! insert lines for INPUT_FILEs 203..300
EOF
xscale_par
mv XSCALE.LP XSCALE_1to300.LP
 ...

Possible problems in scaling many datasets

XSCALE may finish with an error message !!! ERROR !!! INSUFFICIENT NUMBER OF COMMON STRONG REFLECTIONS . This usually indicates that one or more datasets have too few reflections. Please inspect the table

DATA    MEAN       REFLECTIONS        INPUT FILE NAME
 SET# INTENSITY  ACCEPTED REJECTED

and check the column "ACCEPTED REFLECTIONS". Then remove the dataset(s) with fewest accepted reflections, and re-run the program. Repeat if necessary.

XSCALE may also finish with the error message !!! ERROR !!! INACCURATE SCALING FACTORS. This usually indicates that one or more datasets are linearly depending on others (this happens if the same data are included more than once as INPUT_FILE), or are pure noise. I have an experimental version of XSCALE that prints out the numbers of these bad datasets.